Antenna Core Specifications Frequency Range: Primary: 1575.42MHz ± 2MHz (GPS L1) Secondary: 1602MHz (GLONASS L1) Supports: Galileo E1, BeiDou B1 Peak Gain: 28dBi (at zenith) Gain Pattern: 3dB beamwidth: 75° (azimuth) Elevation coverage: -3dB at 15° above horizon Polarization: Right-Hand Circular (RHCP) 2. Physical Construction Dimensions: 25×25×4mm (L×W×H) Weight: 6.8g Radome Material: Top layer: 0.8mm Rogers RO4003C Base: 1.6mm FR-4 Ground Plane Requirement: Minimum: 70×70mm Optimal: 100×100mm 3. Electrical Characteristics Impedance: 50Ω ±3% VSWR: ≤1.8:1 across band Return Loss: ≥10dB Axial Ratio: ≤2dB (RHCP purity) Noise Figure: 0.8dB (typical) 4. UFL Interface Connector Type: U.FL (IPEX MHF) Mating cycles: ≥30 Retention force: 0.5N (min) Recommended Cable: Type: RG178 Max length: 150mm Loss: 1.2dB/100mm @1.6GHz 5. Performance Metrics Cold Start TTFF: ≤45s (with -130dBm input) Tracking Sensitivity: -148dBm Multipath Rejection: ≥15dB Phase Center Stability: ±0.5mm 6. Environmental Ratings Operating Temp: -40°C to +105°C Humidity: 95% non-condensing Shock Resistance: 100G, 6ms Vibration: 10-500Hz, 5Grms 7. Integration Guidelines PCB Layout Requirements: Keep-out zone: 5mm radius No metal components within 10mm Recommended Soldering Profile: Peak temp: 260°C ±5° Duration: ≤10sec RF Trace Specifications: Width: 1.2mm (50Ω on FR4) Length: ≤20mm to connector 8. Compliance & Certifications EMC: EN 301 489 Safety: IEC 62368-1 Environmental: RoHS 3, REACH Reliability: MTBF: 100, 000 hours Operating cycles: 50, 000